“Mom!…Mom!!!”
I pray all mothers heard you, Tyre.
~Sherika
Executive Director,
Family Connects International
Family Connects International – Non-profit Organization in Durham, North Carolina
Essential Connections for Each and Every Newborn
Family Connects International – Non-profit Organization in Durham, North Carolina
Essential Connections for Each and Every Newborn
I pray all mothers heard you, Tyre.
~Sherika
Executive Director,
Family Connects International
DIRECTOR OF NETWORK IMPLEMENTATION
Daniella Greenhood is delighted to apply her more than ten years of public health experience to support community partners in advancing FCI’s mission. During her time at the American Heart Association, Daniella secured funding to promote cardiovascular health in partnership with foundations, local field teams and community partners across the Mid-Atlantic region. Daniella also led the SNAP-Ed program at UNC Chapel Hill’s Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, leading nutrition access and equity projects in rural communities across North Carolina.
Daniella began her public health journey as a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Health Prevention Service Fellow, which included training at the CDC, the NC Division of Public Health and UNC. Daniella lives in the woods of Chapel Hill with her husband and two kids.
SENIOR CONTRACTS OFFICER
Sunia Barak boasts over ten years of experience as a paralegal, specializing in contract law and property law. With a business law degree from Cornell University, Sunia uses her deep legal knowledge to help clients navigate complex legal matters. At FCI, she oversees the preparation, management, and compliance of various contracts and agreements, liaising with external parties and ensuring efficient contract execution, risk management, and regulatory compliance. Sunia is dedicated to streamlining processes and improving client satisfaction. Outside of work, she enjoys spending quality time with her family and exploring new destinations through travel.
IMPLEMENTATION SPECIALIST
Kierra Cherry is an experienced Child Development Specialist and dedicated advocate for families, deeply committed to fostering healthy growth and development in children. With a strong educational foundation—holding a Master of Arts in Teaching with Birth-Kindergarten Licensure from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University and a Bachelor of Science in Human Development & Family Studies from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro—Kierra has cultivated expertise in project management, community resource development, and early childhood education.
Her experience spans roles focused on supporting families, collaborating with medical providers to implement trauma-informed practices, and fostering academic excellence and equity in the classroom.
Kierra is also an active leader in her community, currently serving on the board of the Guilford County Partnership for Children and as a Guardian Ad Litem with the North Carolina Judicial Branch. She brings a wealth of skills in team collaboration, project planning, and data management, and is passionate about creating lasting, positive change for children and families.
COMMUNITY ALIGNMENT SUPPORT SPECIALIST
Emily Rose joined FCI in June 2023, after completing her Masters in Political Science at UNC Chapel Hill. Prior to moving to North Carolina, Emily Rose has a background in community engagement and strategic partnerships through her work with several nonprofit organizations in Memphis, Tennessee. In her current role as an Implementation Specialist, she supports communities in implementing the Family Connects model, fostering connections and promoting maternal and child health. She facilitates FCI’s Community Alignment Advisory Board (CAAB), which provide a space for community partners to share challenges and workshop solutions around community alignment.
NURSE SPECIALIST
Brittani is a RN who has focused her nursing career on maternal-child health. She has experience working in the hospital as a nurse in Mother-Baby. She has spent the past 5 years working in the community providing case management to high-risk pregnant women. She has extensive experience supporting mothers and families to achieve optimum health and care during pregnancy and postpartum period.
ADVANCED IMPLEMENTATION SPECIALIST
Cara has worked serving diverse population groups, emphasizing improving outcomes for children and families. She recently worked with the Durham Co Department of Public Health supporting the implementation and evaluation of Bull City Strong, an Office of Minority Health grant-funded program to improve health literacy. Previously, she served as a program manager preparing youth to transition out of foster care with system-wide program development, and equity-centered public health programming. Cara is Doula-certified and has a master’s in public health from UNC-CH. Cara loves hiking, farmers markets, and live music.
NURSE SPECIALIST
Eva is a RN with over 14 years of experience. She has a BS in Nursing from Eastern Carolina University. When not working Eva enjoys making memories with her loved ones and believes life is about celebrating the little things, which become valuable. Eva enjoys traveling, spending time with her family and her dog. She gives back to her community through volunteering. She enjoys working with kids and volunteers at the local YMCA and boys and girls club.
INTERNAL OPERATIONS SPECIALIST
Chasyah Scott lends her expertise in Social Media Marketing, Public Relations, and Media Psychology to the team at Family Connects International. Her decade-long experience with nonprofit organizations coupled with her educational background, a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Digital Video and a Master of Arts in Psychology with a concentration in Media Psychology, is invaluable. Chasyah has a proven track record in revitalizing corporate identities and enhancing brand visibility, recruitment, and engagement.
ADVANCED IMPLEMENTATION SPECIALIST
Amina Sesay is a Public Health professional with a passion for maternal and child health and an avid believer in policy advocacy to improve the lives and health outcomes of historically marginalized communities. Her educational background in Health Communications and Public Health have fueled her work including Project Coordinator at the Duke Center for Girls & Women with ADHD, Health Care Navigator and Medical-Legal Partnership (MLP) Paralegal at Legal Aid of North Carolina, and her global health experience interning for organizations in Sierra Leone and Kenya, as these organizations worked to provide homes and quality education for orphans and to create databases for the community health workers in Kibera. FCI is excited that she has joined our team!
BUSINESS ANALYST
Over the past 15 years, Cat has worked in child and family health across non-profit and government sectors. Prior to her joining FCI, she served on the CDC COVID-19 Response as a Data Analyst Fellow performing various research projects while providing technical assistance to state and local health departments. She is a proponent of place-based public health and was initially drawn by FCI’s commitment to work alongside and with communities to support implementation of Family Connects to the highest standard. She brings her background in data analysis, management, and translation to support this endeavor.
SENIOR INTERNAL OPERATIONS MANAGER
Maryam Zangeneh was born in Isfahan, Iran, and moved to the United States in 1990 after earning her B.A. in Biology. She settled in Charlotte, North Carolina, where she attended the Presbyterian School of Medical Technology, becoming certified as a Medical Technologist in 1992 and a Certified Cytogenetic Technologist in 1993.
In 1998, Maryam and her family moved back to Iran due to her father’s illness. While raising her two young children, she continued to pursue her education and earned a Master’s degree in Clinical Genetics from Tehran University in 2007. She returned to the U.S. in 2008 and later completed her MBA from Wingate University in 2018.
With a strong background in genetics laboratories, Maryam transitioned into project management after earning her Lean Six Sigma Green Belt certification in 2013. Her passion for mission-driven work eventually led her to the nonprofit sector, where she brings her diverse experience and dedication to meaningful change.
Maryam currently lives in North Carolina with her husband of 35 years. She is a proud mother of two and recently became a grandmother to baby Norah.
SENIOR IMPLEMENTATION SPECIALIST
Rain Helms comes to Family Connects International from a public and mental health background and brings experience working with communities to implement evidence-based treatments. Rain spent the beginning of his career working in residential care settings getting firsthand experience with health advocacy, Medicaid and Medicare policy, and disability supports. After going back for his MSW, he worked for the Center for Child and Family Health in Durham as a program manager and improvement advisor for the Problematic Sexual Behavior – Cognitive Behavioral TherapyTM program. He is a double Tar Heel, having completed both his undergraduate degree and MSW at UNC-Chapel Hill.
MARKETING AND COMMUNICATION SPECIALIST
Jodi Wahba is a marketing specialist with over 10 years of experience in communication, branding, and event planning.
Outside of her work at Family Connects, Jodi teaches interpersonal communication courses at North Carolina State University, Her diverse experience also includes strategic social media management and website revitalization at Shield North Carolina, an anti-human trafficking nonprofit, where she played a key role in increasing engagement and supporting critical educational efforts.
Jodi’s commitment to community service extends beyond her professional roles. She’s a member of the DEI Committee for the Carolina Amateur Hockey Association, working to expand access to the sport for underrepresented populations. Outside of her professional life, Jodi loves staying active through lifting, dancing, and exploring new cultures and adventures.
PRESIDENT AND CEO
Jade Woodard joined Family Connects International in April 2025. She is a seasoned nonprofit executive with extensive experience in organizational leadership, program scaling, and family support services. In her previous role as Executive Director of Illuminate Colorado, she led the strategic merger of multiple organizations, creating a unified entity focused on child maltreatment prevention and strengthening families. She also led the design and implementation of innovative and evidence-based programs such as Family Connects and Circle of Parents, focusing on maternal and child health, early intervention, and prevention strategies.
With expertise in public health, community partnerships, and evidence-informed approaches, Jade has a passion for strengthening families and improving outcomes for children. Jade holds a Bachelors in Social Work from Colorado State University, and a Masters in Public Administration and Certificate in Nonprofit Management from the University of Colorado Denver.
FINANCE AND HR SPECIALIST
Elizabeth is the Finance and HR Specialist at FCI, bringing nearly 15 years of experience in the nonprofit sector and a Master of Public Administration degree. She has a strong track record of streamlining operations, optimizing financial systems, and strengthening HR processes to support organizational growth and impact. Her expertise spans nonprofit management and association operations, with a focus on aligning people, policies, and resources to drive long-term success. Elizabeth has led cross-functional teams and managed complex projects that improved both operational efficiency and fiscal accountability.
A proud North Carolinian, Elizabeth lives in a pink house in Clayton with her husband, daughter, son, a pug named Pal, and a cat named Graysock. Outside of work, she enjoys traveling, exploring the outdoors, and cheering on UNC and the Braves!
ANALYTICS SPECIALISTI bring 5+ years of Data Analytic experience which includes work for Spectrum, Bank of America, Wells Fargo, and Credit Suisse. My specialty is juggling multiple projects, building/managing recurring reports, and am reliable to produce ad hoc reports quickly and accurately. I’m also very quick to learning new processes and systems. Fun facts, I am from the mountains of NC, I love to workout, travel to new places, and spend time with my niece and nephew.
DIRECTOR OF NURSING
Originally from the west coast of Scotland but now living in Florida, Alain has worked in the field of Maternal Child Health Home for over 20 years. Alain is a Specialist Community Public Health nurse. Since coming to the USA, Alain has continued his passion for home visiting as part of a National Home Visiting program where he supported the nursing implementation and replication of the model over several states. Alain is fully invested in the Universal approach to home visiting and is very excited to join the FCI Family.
When not working, Alain enjoys time with his 2 Cavachon dogs; Dolly and Buster and laying in his hammock in the Florida sunshine..but not June-August!)
SENIOR POLICY DIRECTOR
Jordan Wildermuth brings over ten years of local, state, and federal government affairs experience to FCI having navigated a range of health care related issues including appropriations, maternal and child health, workforce, and the pharmaceutical supply chain. His background in social work guides his commitment to social justice and addressing systemic inequalities.
Outside of work Jordan enjoys running, playing drums, and cheering on his kids at their various activities.
DIRECTOR SATA SYSTEMS
Andrew leads the Data Systems Team which supports FCI’s centralized database.. He brings a decade of experience in Salesforce administration, leading global cross-functional teams, and developing customer relationship management systems and initiatives. Andrew holds a degree in Psychology and a degree in Music from UNC-Chapel Hill.
CHIEF INTERNAL OPERATIONS OFFICER
Colette Parrish is a seasoned leader with over 20 years of experience in finance, human resources, and operations management. She earned an MBA from UNC Kenan-Flagler Business School, where she honed her skills in finance, strategy, and operations management. As the Chief Internal Operations Officer, Colette oversees the Finance, Human Resources, Informational Technology, Data Systems, Marketing, Reporting, Communications, Business Development, and Legal teams. She collaborates on the development and execution of strategic plans, manages cross-functional initiatives, and works to optimize processes, reduce costs, and drive results, all while maintaining a focus on the needs of employees and stakeholders.
TEAM LEAD, ADVANCED IMPLEMENTATION SPECIALIST
Sydney joined FCI in May 2022 to support communities implementing the Family Connects Model. Sydney holds a Master in Public Health degree from the UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, with a concentration in Maternal, Child and Family Health. She is passionate about and dedicated to improving the lives of children and families. Prior to joining FCI, Sydney worked at a healthcare talent and performance solutions company where she provided customer service, technical assistance, and training regarding a learning management system for healthcare workers and hospital administrators.
ADVANCED SALESFORCE ADMINISTRATOR
With a master’s degree in computer science and seven years of hands-on Salesforce development and administration experience, Hima brings technical depth in designing and optimizing Salesforce environments to drive seamless workflows and actionable insights. Outside of work, Hima enjoys spending time with her family and creative pursuits like acrylic painting and gardening. She channels her love for color and nature into everything she does.
IMPLEMENTATION SPECIALIST
Lisa Garland comes to FCI from working at several sexual health non-profit organizations, schools, and government agencies. She has extensive experience working with individuals and groups of all ages, assisting them through various traumas and health challenges, both sexual and non-sexual. Lisa earned her Master’s in Social Work from North Carolina Central University and her Master’s in Public Health from UNC Chapel Hill. Lisa is a gardener and photographer and enjoys spending time outside with her partner and 2 young children.
CHIEF PROGRAM OFFICER
Kimberly Friedman came to the Center for Child and Family Policy and FCI in 2018. As Chief Program Officer, Kimberly serves as a model expert and consultant for public stakeholders as they are exploring development of early childhood systems at the local and state levels. She monitors relevant federal and state policy, provides guidance on public/private funding options and explores opportunities to engage with the insurance/managed care industry. Both in her experience as an attorney and as a business development officer for a nonprofit organization, Kimberly’s career has focused on early childhood.
FINANCE MANAGER
Bryan is a Navy veteran who has held management and leadership roles in multiple industries for over 15 years. For the last four years, he has been working as an accountant in the software industry. During that time, he completed his Master of Accounting degree from NC State University, and he earned his CPA license. He brings with him experience in financial reporting, data analytics, and problem solving.
When he is not working, Bryan enjoys spending time with his wife Annie and their seven-year-old son Jackson and 15-month-old daughter Leona. He enjoys cooking, fishing, kayaking, camping, and sharing other hobbies with his son. It is his passion for family that motivates him to help FCI grow and succeed.
COMMITTEE MEMBER
Dr. English completed her Ph.D. at the School of Social Work at the University of Washington. For the next 17 years, she was the Director of Research for the Children’s Administration of the Washington Department of Social and Health Services. In that capacity, she studied child protection and child welfare issues, including foster care and adoption. From 2004 to 2007, Dr. English was the Director of Research at the Child Welfare League of America; as well as Principal Investigator for the Adopt US Kids Initiative.
She was also Principal Investigator of the Seattle local site of LONGSCAN (Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect), which examined the causes and consequences of child maltreatment. Finally, from 2007 to 2017, Dr. English was a Senior Consultant at the Casey Family Program (CFP), where she worked with states across the country on systems change initiatives focusing on child protection and reduction of the number of children in foster care.
COMMITTEE MEMBER
Joe Waters is the co-founder and CEO of Capita and serves as a Senior Advisor at Openfields consulting firm. Waters was the Executive Vice President of the Institute for Child Success. A 2021 Aspen Institute Ascend Fellow, his views have been published by several outlets, including the Investor’s Business Daily, The Hill, Newsweek, Stanford Social Innovation Review, The Charlotte Observer, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, and Nonprofit Quarterly.
He was invited to speak at the White House’s first forum on social impact finance, the Aspen Forum on Children and Families, the Lego Idea Conference, Think Future, and the World Forum on Early Care and Education. He is a board member of the Felician Center and chairs the South Carolina Advisory Board for Nurse-Family Partnership. He has a bachelor’s degree from Furman University and a master’s degree in divinity from Duke University.
COMMITTEE MEMBER
Bonnie Hepler (RN, MSW, MSPH, PhD) serves as Consulting Nurse Educator at FCI, where she oversees the development of accredited nurse trainings and materials. Bonnie is Assistant Professor at Duke University School of Nursing. She earned her PhD at Duke University in the School of Nursing and is a Fellow in Early Relational Health at University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine. As an F31 recipient, she studies relationships between mothers, infants and healthcare providers. She has prior experience as a Labor and Delivery/Postpartum Nurse with the Women’s Birth and Wellness Center and as a Labor and Delivery Nurse and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Prior to her Labor and Delivery experience, Dr. Hepler worked at RTI International promoting maternal and child health domestically and globally.
Her research specialized in caring for vulnerable populations, studying caregiver child interactions, and ensuring that all people receive quality, compassionate care. From evaluating breastfeeding policies in the Middle East to the impact of long acting reversible contraception in sub-Saharan Africa, Hepler shows a commitment to empowering women. Before joining RTI, she served as a research assistant with the North Carolina Translational and Clinical Sciences Institute focusing on teaching research methods to diverse audiences. Dr. Hepler also has worked with the Center for Maternal and Infant Health at the University of North Carolina on research and dissemination projects addressing topics such as use of 17P (progesterone) for preterm birth, postpartum depression, and healthy habits during pregnancy. Dr. Hepler interned for more than a year at UNC Hospitals as a social worker focused on pediatric oncology and inpatient child abuse. She also has experience as the Co-Director of SHAC, the oldest student run, free health clinic in the country.
COMMITTEE MEMBER, FOUNDER
Dr. Karen O’Donnell is Associate Professor (retired), Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center and Director of Prevention and Global Initiatives at the Center for Child and Family Health (also retired). She is a Senior Research Fellow at Duke Global Health Initiative. She received her graduate training in special education (M.Ed.) and clinical psychology (Ph.D.) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and completed post-doctoral study in Early Childhood at the University of Illinois, Chicago Circle.
She has been a Licensed Practicing Psychologist in North Carolina since 1988. Her expertise focuses on infant and early childhood and development, traumatic stress, parenting, maternal mental health and treatment, the effects of in utero cocaine and HIV exposure on early development, and child and family assessment. Dr. O’Donnell is the lead author on the PEPFAR funded Child Status Index (CSI), now used to assess orphans and other vulnerable children in over 16 resource poor countries; the CSI provided the model for the Family Support Matrix, used in the Family Connects program. She continues to be an active participant in the implementation of the universal short-term home visiting program for newborns and their families, Family Connects, and its national dissemination.
COMMITTEE MEMBER
Deborah Daro, Senior Research Fellow Emeritus at Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago, has played a key role in the development and assessment of evidence-based home visitation programs, working with Federal administrators and Congressional leaders in crafting initial guidelines for the Federal Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program (MIECHV). Prior to joining Chapin Hall in January 1999, Dr. Daro contributed to the development of Healthy Families America (HFA), one of the largest evidence-based home visiting models in the country.
With over 40 years of experience in evaluating child abuse treatment and prevention programs, she is considered one of the leading national experts in crafting effective strategies to prevent child maltreatment, foster positive parent-child interactions, and support optimal child development. Most recently her research and writing have focused on strategies, such as Family Connects, that embed individualized, targeted prevention efforts within more universal efforts to alter normative standards and community context. Dr. Daro holds a Ph.D. in social welfare policy from the University of California, Berkeley.
COMMITTEE MEMBER, FOUNDER
Robert Murphy is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Duke University, Executive Director for the Center for Child & Family Health, and co-founder. Robert collaborates with the Duke University Research Team to publish findings.
COMMITTEE MEMBER, FOUNDER
Kenneth Dodge is the William McDougall Distinguished Professor of Public Policy and Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at Duke University. He is also a faculty fellow at the Duke Center for Child and Family Policy, which he founded in 1999. Ken’s research resulted in the Family Connects Model and he continues to publish new evidence on Family Connects at Duke University.
COMMITTEE MEMBER
Steven Green, MBA serves as a board member for Playful Learning Inc. and has served as a general partner of Ordinance Capital L.P., a Florida-based investment firm, since 1997. From 2012-2019, he was a board member of the New York Times Company. Steven was President of Captain Gardner House, a real estate development property, and owner of Medical Transportation Inc. He holds a Bachelor of Arts in Economics from Duke University, a master’s in real estate development from the Columbia School of Architecture & Planning, and a Master of Business Administration in Finance from Columbia Business School.
DIRECTOR
Pilar Olivo guides the implementation of Family Connects Frederick County at Frederick Health Hospital, as principal of Adepta LLC. She previously led and supported cross-institutional workgroups to increase child and family resiliency at the Frederick County Division of Family Services. She is president of the Coalition for a Healthier Frederick County, the local health improvement coalition for Frederick County Health Department and Frederick Health Hospital. She has a master’s in public affairs from Princeton University’s School of Public and International Affairs and has more than 25 years of leadership experience in women’s health policy and children’s issues.
DIRECTOR
Dr. Arden Handler is Professor Emeritus of Community Health Sciences, and until August 2024, a longtime Director of the Center of Excellence in Maternal and Child Health at the University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health. Dr. Handler has a long history of conducting evaluations of public sector maternal and women’s health programs as a way of generating information for systems and policy change, including leading or co-leading the process evaluation of three Family Connects programs in Illinois.
DIRECTOR
David Reese recently served as the President and CEO of the Foundation for Health Leadership & Innovation (FHLI). Prior to this role, he led the Durham Children’s Initiative as President & CEO for 12 years. David’s career includes serving as COO for food recovery and distribution at the Inter-Faith Food Shuttle. Currently, he serves on the boards of SouthLight, Family Connects International, and the Truist Bank local Advisory Board. In 2006, David was honored as one of the Triangle Business Journal’s “Top 40 Under 40” business leaders. He holds an MBA and hails from the Bronx, NY. David resides in Durham with his wife, Iris, and their three children.
DIRECTOR
Elizabeth is a maternal and child health professional with twenty years of experience in direct patient care and global public health program and policy work. She holds Bachelor’s degrees in Women’s Studies, Creative Writing, and Nursing from University of North Carolina Chapel Hill and a Master of Arts degree in Women’s Studies and Public Policy from University at Albany. She is also a mother, a nature lover, and is active in volunteer pursuits in her home city of Durham, NC.
VICE CHAIR
Diane R. Johnson Grant, DrPH, MPH, is a health communications and strategy expert. For almost 25 years, she has served in several executive capacities including her current position as the Chief Communications and Public Health Officer at Miss Porter’s School. She is the former Chief Marketing and Communications Officer at Providence Hospital (DC), has held senior-level roles in both large and boutique PR agencies and served as a senior advisor to the Office of Research on Women’s Health at the National Institutes of Health and the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy.
Diane earned her graduate degrees at the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health where she currently serves as adjunct faculty. She uses her expertise in public health, communications, and health policy to educate and facilitate behavior change to improve people’s lives. She brings her love of public health, passion for communications, and international health experience in service to Family Connects International.
DIRECTOR
Michele Benoit-Wilson is a board-certified Obstetrician/Gynecologist whose life’s work has been providing the full scope of women’s health care, including preventative care, high-risk obstetrics, and gynecologic surgery. Dr. Benoit-Wilson is a graduate of Brown University where she earned her B.A. in Biology and Afro-American Studies before completing her medical education there in 1999. She is serving her second term on the board of the Brown Medical Alumni Association. She trained at Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia and has since practiced in New Jersey, Central Pennsylvania and North Carolina, most recently with WakeMed Health.
TREASURER
For forty years Mr. Adlin enjoyed a wide-ranging career in the financial services industry. After working in the administration of Mayor John V. Lindsay of New York City, he worked variously as Executive Vice President, Managing Director, Partner, and/or Principal for such organizations as Oppenheimer Properties, Value Properties, and Bernstein Global Wealth Management to structure comprehensive strategies that addressed complex investment issues. In retirement, Mr. Adlin has served on the Board of WHIN, a charter school in NYC. Currently he serves as Co-Chair of the Investment Committee of the Katonah (NY) Museum of Art.
CHAIR
Dr. Jonathan Kotch, a board-certified medical specialist in pediatrics and preventive medicine, retired in 2016 after 38 years on the faculty of the Department of Maternal and Child Health of the UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health.
Dr. Kotch was the lead researcher for the North Carolina cohort of LONGSCAN, Longitudinal Studies in Child Abuse and Neglect, which at the time was the longest (22 years) and the largest (1354 mother-infant pairs) ever funded by the Office of Child Abuse and Neglect of USDHHS. Dr. Kotch served for 8 years on the Advisory Board of the Durham Family Initiative, the precursor of FCI.